Oracle里常用命令:表空间管理

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第一章:日志管理 

1.forcing log switches 
sql> alter system switch logfile; 
2.forcing checkpoints 
sql> alter system checkpoint; 
3.adding online redo log groups 
sql> alter database add logfile [group 4] 
sql> ('/disk3/log4a.rdo','/disk4/log4b.rdo') size 1m; 
4.adding online redo log members 
sql> alter database add logfile member 
sql> '/disk3/log1b.rdo' to group 1, 
sql> '/disk4/log2b.rdo' to group 2; 
5.changes the name of the online redo logfile 
sql> alter database rename file 'c:/oracle/oradata/oradb/redo01.log' 
sql> to 'c:/oracle/oradata/redo01.log'; 
6.drop online redo log groups 
sql> alter database drop logfile group 3; 
7.drop online redo log members 
sql> alter database drop logfile member 'c:/oracle/oradata/redo01.log'; 
8.clearing online redo log files 
sql> alter database clear [unarchived] logfile 'c:/oracle/log2a.rdo'; 
9.using logminer analyzing redo logfiles 
a. in the init.ora specify utl_file_dir = ' ' 
b. sql> execute dbms_logmnr_d.build('oradb.ora','c:\oracle\oradb\log'); 
c. sql> execute dbms_logmnr_add_logfile('c:\oracle\oradata\oradb\redo01.log', 
sql> dbms_logmnr.new); 
d. sql> execute dbms_logmnr.add_logfile('c:\oracle\oradata\oradb\redo02.log', 
sql> dbms_logmnr.addfile); 
e. sql> execute dbms_logmnr.start_logmnr(dictfilename=>'c:\oracle\oradb\log\oradb.ora'); 
f. sql> select * from v$logmnr_contents(v$logmnr_dictionary,v$logmnr_parameters 
sql> v$logmnr_logs); 
g. sql> execute dbms_logmnr.end_logmnr; 

第二章:表空间管理 
1.create tablespaces 
sql> create tablespace tablespace_name datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\file1.dbf' size 100m, 
sql> 'c:\oracle\oradata\file2.dbf' size 100m minimum extent 550k [logging/nologging] 
sql> default storage (initial 500k next 500k maxextents 500 pctinccease 0) 
sql> [online/offline] [permanent/temporary] [extent_management_clause] 
2.locally managed tablespace 
sql> create tablespace user_data datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\user_data01.dbf' 
sql> size 500m extent management local uniform size 10m; 
3.temporary tablespace 
sql> create temporary tablespace temp tempfile 'c:\oracle\oradata\temp01.dbf' 
sql> size 500m extent management local uniform size 10m; 
4.change the storage setting 
sql> alter tablespace app_data minimum extent 2m; 
sql> alter tablespace app_data default storage(initial 2m next 2m maxextents 999); 
5.taking tablespace offline or online 
sql> alter tablespace app_data offline; 
sql> alter tablespace app_data online; 
6.read_only tablespace 
sql> alter tablespace app_data read only|write; 
7.droping tablespace 
sql> drop tablespace app_data including contents; 
8.enableing automatic extension of data files 
sql> alter tablespace app_data add datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data01.dbf' size 200m 
sql> autoextend on next 10m maxsize 500m; 
9.change the size fo data files manually 
sql> alter database datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data.dbf' resize 200m; 
10.Moving data files: alter tablespace 
sql> alter tablespace app_data rename datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data.dbf' 
sql> to 'c:\oracle\app_data.dbf'; 
11.moving data files:alter database 
sql> alter database rename file 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data.dbf' 
sql> to 'c:\oracle\app_data.dbf'; 

第三章:表 

1.create a table 
sql> create table table_name (column datatype,column datatype]....) 
sql> tablespace tablespace_name [pctfree integer] [pctused integer] 
sql> [initrans integer] [maxtrans integer] 
sql> storage(initial 200k next 200k pctincrease 0 maxextents 50) 
sql> [logging|nologging] [cache|nocache] 
2.copy an existing table 
sql> create table table_name [logging|nologging] as subquery 
3.create temporary table 
sql> create global temporary table xay_temp as select * from xay; 
on commit preserve rows/on commit delete rows 
4.pctfree = (average row size - initial row size) *100 /average row size 
pctused = 100-pctfree- (average row size*100/available data space) 
5.change storage and block utilization parameter 
sql> alter table table_name pctfree=30 pctused=50 storage(next 500k 
sql> minextents 2 maxextents 100); 
6.manually allocating extents 
sql> alter table table_name allocate extent(size 500k datafile 'c:/oracle/data.dbf'); 
7.move tablespace 
sql> alter table employee move tablespace users; 
8.deallocate of unused space 
sql> alter table table_name deallocate unused [keep integer] 
9.truncate a table 
sql> truncate table table_name; 
10.drop a table 
sql> drop table table_name [cascade constraints]; 
11.drop a column 
sql> alter table table_name drop column comments cascade constraints checkpoint 1000; 
alter table table_name drop columns continue; 
12.mark a column as unused 
sql> alter table table_name set unused column comments cascade constraints; 
alter table table_name drop unused columns checkpoint 1000; 
alter table orders drop columns continue checkpoint 1000 
data_dictionary : dba_unused_col_tabs 

第四章:索引 

1.creating function-based indexes 
sql> create index summit.item_quantity on summit.item(quantity-quantity_shipped); 
2.create a B-tree index 
sql> create [unique] index index_name on table_name(column,.. asc/desc) tablespace 
sql> tablespace_name [pctfree integer] [initrans integer] [maxtrans integer] 
sql> [logging | nologging] [nosort] storage(initial 200k next 200k pctincrease 0 
sql> maxextents 50); 
3.pctfree(index)=(maximum number of rows-initial number of rows)*100/maximum number of rows 
4.creating reverse key indexes 
sql> create unique index xay_id on xay(a) reverse pctfree 30 storage(initial 200k 
sql> next 200k pctincrease 0 maxextents 50) tablespace indx; 
5.create bitmap index 
sql> create bitmap index xay_id on xay(a) pctfree 30 storage( initial 200k next 200k 
sql> pctincrease 0 maxextents 50) tablespace indx; 
6.change storage parameter of index 
sql> alter index xay_id storage (next 400k maxextents 100); 
7.allocating index space 
sql> alter index xay_id allocate extent(size 200k datafile 'c:/oracle/index.dbf'); 
8.alter index xay_id deallocate unused; 

第五章:约束 

1.define constraints as immediate or deferred 
sql> alter session set constraint[s] = immediate/deferred/default; 
set constraint[s] constraint_name/all immediate/deferred; 
2. sql> drop table table_name cascade constraints 
sql> drop tablespace tablespace_name including contents cascade constraints 
3. define constraints while create a table 
sql> create table xay(id number(7) constraint xay_id primary key deferrable 
sql> using index storage(initial 100k next 100k) tablespace indx); 
primary key/unique/references table(column)/check 
4.enable constraints 
sql> alter table xay enable novalidate constraint xay_id; 
5.enable constraints 
sql> alter table xay enable validate constraint xay_id; 

第六章:LOAD数据 

1.loading data using direct_load insert 
sql> insert /*+append */ into emp nologging 
sql> select * from emp_old; 
2.parallel direct-load insert 
sql> alter session enable parallel dml; 
sql> insert /*+parallel(emp,2) */ into emp nologging 
sql> select * from emp_old; 
3.using sql*loader 
sql> sqlldr scott/tiger \ 
sql> control = ulcase6.ctl \ 
sql> log = ulcase6.log direct=true 

第七章:reorganizing data 

1.using expoty 
$exp scott/tiger tables(dept,emp) file=c:\emp.dmp log=exp.log compress=n direct=y 
2.using import 
$imp scott/tiger tables(dept,emp) file=emp.dmp log=imp.log ignore=y 
3.transporting a tablespace 
sql>alter tablespace sales_ts read only; 
$exp sys/.. file=xay.dmp transport_tablespace=y tablespace=sales_ts 
triggers=n constraints=n 
$copy datafile 
$imp sys/.. file=xay.dmp transport_tablespace=y datafiles=(/disk1/sles01.dbf,/disk2 
/sles02.dbf) 
sql> alter tablespace sales_ts read write; 
4.checking transport set 
sql> DBMS_tts.transport_set_check(ts_list =>'sales_ts' ..,incl_constraints=>true); 
在表transport_set_violations 中查看 
sql> dbms_tts.isselfcontained 为true 是, 表示自包含 

第八章: managing password security and resources 

1.controlling account lock and password 
sql> alter user juncky identified by oracle account unlock; 
2.user_provided password function 
sql> function_name(userid in varchar2(30),password in varchar2(30), 
old_password in varchar2(30)) return boolean 
3.create a profile : password setting 
sql> create profile grace_5 limit failed_login_attempts 3 
sql> password_lock_time unlimited password_life_time 30 
sql>password_reuse_time 30 password_verify_function verify_function 
sql> password_grace_time 5; 
4.altering a profile 
sql> alter profile default failed_login_attempts 3 
sql> password_life_time 60 password_grace_time 10; 
5.drop a profile 
sql> drop profile grace_5 [cascade]; 
6.create a profile : resource limit 
sql> create profile developer_prof limit sessions_per_user 2 
sql> cpu_per_session 10000 idle_time 60 connect_time 480; 
7. view => resource_cost : alter resource cost 
dba_Users,dba_profiles 
8. enable resource limits 
sql> alter system set resource_limit=true; 

第九章:Managing users 

1.create a user: database authentication 
sql> create user juncky identified by oracle default tablespace users 
sql> temporary tablespace temp quota 10m on data password expire 
sql> [account lock|unlock] [profile profilename|default]; 
2.change user quota on tablespace 
sql> alter user juncky quota 0 on users; 
3.drop a user 
sql> drop user juncky [cascade]; 
4. monitor user 
view: dba_users , dba_ts_quotas 

第十章:managing privileges 

1.system privileges: view => system_privilege_map ,dba_sys_privs,session_privs 
2.grant system privilege 
sql> grant create session,create table to managers; 
sql> grant create session to scott with admin option; 
with admin option can grant or revoke privilege from any user or role; 
3.sysdba and sysoper privileges: 
sysoper: startup,shutdown,alter database open|mount,alter database backup controlfile, 
alter tablespace begin/end backup,recover database 
alter database archivelog,restricted session 
sysdba: sysoper privileges with admin option,create database,recover database until 
4.password file members: view:=> v$pwfile_users 
5.O7_dictionary_accessibility =true restriction access to view or tables in other schema 
6.revoke system privilege 
sql> revoke create table from karen; 
sql> revoke create session from scott; 
7.grant object privilege 
sql> grant execute on dbms_pipe to public; 
sql> grant update(first_name,salary) on employee to karen with grant option; 
8.display object privilege : view => dba_tab_privs, dba_col_privs 
9.revoke object privilege 
sql> revoke execute on dbms_pipe from scott [cascade constraints]; 
10.audit record view :=> sys.aud$ 
11. protecting the audit trail 
sql> audit delete on sys.aud$ by access; 
12.statement auditing 
sql> audit user; 
13.privilege auditing 
sql> audit select any table by summit by access; 
14.schema object auditing 
sql> audit lock on summit.employee by access whenever successful; 
15.view audit option : view=> all_def_audit_opts,dba_stmt_audit_opts,dba_priv_audit_opts,dba_obj_audit_opts 
16.view audit result: view=> dba_audit_trail,dba_audit_exists,dba_audit_object,dba_audit_session,dba_audit_statement 

第十一章: manager role 

1.create roles 
sql> create role sales_clerk; 
sql> create role hr_clerk identified by bonus; 
sql> create role hr_manager identified externally; 
2.modify role 
sql> alter role sales_clerk identified by commission; 
sql> alter role hr_clerk identified externally; 
sql> alter role hr_manager not identified; 
3.assigning roles 
sql> grant sales_clerk to scott; 
sql> grant hr_clerk to hr_manager; 
sql> grant hr_manager to scott with admin option; 
4.establish default role 
sql> alter user scott default role hr_clerk,sales_clerk; 
sql> alter user scott default role all; 
sql> alter user scott default role all except hr_clerk; 
sql> alter user scott default role none; 
5.enable and disable roles 
sql> set role hr_clerk; 
sql> set role sales_clerk identified by commission; 
sql> set role all except sales_clerk; 
sql> set role none; 
6.remove role from user 
sql> revoke sales_clerk from scott; 
sql> revoke hr_manager from public; 
7.remove role 
sql> drop role hr_manager; 
8.display role information 
view: =>dba_roles,dba_role_privs,role_role_privs,dba_sys_privs,role_sys_privs,role_tab_privs,session_roles 

第十二章: BACKUP and RECOVERY 

1. v$sga,v$instance,v$process,v$bgprocess,v$database,v$datafile,v$sgastat 
2. Rman need set dbwr_IO_slaves or backup_tape_IO_slaves and large_pool_size 
3. Monitoring Parallel Rollback 
> v$fast_start_servers , v$fast_start_transactions 
4.perform a closed database backup (noarchivelog) 
> shutdown immediate 
> cp files /backup/ 
> startup 
5.restore to a different location 
> connect system/manager as sysdba 
> startup mount 
> alter database rename file '/disk1/../user.dbf' to '/disk2/../user.dbf'; 
> alter database open; 
6.recover syntax 
--recover a mounted database 
>recover database; 
>recover datafile '/disk1/data/df2.dbf'; 
>alter database recover database; 
--recover an opened database 
>recover tablespace user_data; 
>recover datafile 2; 
>alter database recover datafile 2; 
7.how to apply redo log files automatically 
>set autorecovery on 
>recover automatic datafile 4; 
8.complete recovery: 
--method 1(mounted databae) 
>copy c:\backup\user.dbf c:\oradata\user.dbf 
>startup mount 
>recover datafile 'c:\oradata\user.dbf; 
>alter database open; 
--method 2(opened database,initially opened,not system or rollback datafile) 
>copy c:\backup\user.dbf c:\oradata\user.dbf (alter tablespace offline) 
>recover datafile 'c:\oradata\user.dbf' or 
>recover tablespace user_data; 
>alter database datafile 'c:\oradata\user.dbf' online or 
>alter tablespace user_data online; 
--method 3(opened database,initially closed not system or rollback datafile) 
>startup mount 
>alter database datafile 'c:\oradata\user.dbf' offline; 
>alter database open 
>copy c:\backup\user.dbf d:\oradata\user.dbf 
>alter database rename file 'c:\oradata\user.dbf' to 'd:\oradata\user.dbf' 
>recover datafile 'e:\oradata\user.dbf' or recover tablespace user_data; 
>alter tablespace user_data online; 
--method 4(loss of data file with no backup and have all archive log) 
>alter tablespace user_data offline immediate; 
>alter database create datafile 'd:\oradata\user.dbf' as 'c:\oradata\user.dbf'' 
>recover tablespace user_data; 
>alter tablespace user_data online 
5.perform an open database backup 
> alter tablespace user_data begin backup; 
> copy files /backup/ 
> alter database datafile '/c:/../data.dbf' end backup; 
> alter system switch logfile; 
6.backup a control file 
> alter database backup controlfile to 'control1.bkp'; 
> alter database backup controlfile to trace; 
7.recovery (noarchivelog mode) 
> shutdown abort 
> cp files 
> startup 
8.recovery of file in backup mode 
>alter database datafile 2 end backup; 
9.clearing redo log file 
>alter database clear unarchived logfile group 1; 
>alter database clear unarchived logfile group 1 unrecoverable datafile; 
10.redo log recovery 
>alter database add logfile group 3 'c:\oradata\redo03.log' size 1000k; 
>alter database drop logfile group 1; 
>alter database open; 
or >cp c:\oradata\redo02.log' c:\oradata\redo01.log 
>alter database clear logfile 'c:\oradata\log01.log';

通过对Oracle数据库的监控,可以全面了解Oracle的运行状态、数据库响应情况、数据库表空用度情况。

SUM服务器监控软件对Oracle数据库的监控十分全面,主要有:缓冲区命中率监控、表空间使用率监控、表空间监控、会话数监控、连接数监控等核心性能,这些性能均为DBA必须了解和随时掌握的性能,SUM的监控为DBA提供了有力的帮助。在Oracle数据库的性能监控中其中表空间随时监控是DBA首要职责,因为一旦表空用尽,将无法再进行数据库的操作,这将给应用软件造成很大的损失。通过SUM监控与短信报警功能,DBA可以设定表空间使用率阀值进行报警,比如可以设定表空间使用率达到95%后就立即短信通知指定的DBA进行表空间扩容,从而可以有效地避免因为表空间不足引起的应用程序错误和数据库错误。

校睿宝培训机构ERP,学员课时管理软件
实验预约管理软件,实验室管理软件,大学、高校实验预约平台
网站日志分析软件,网站访问日志在线分析
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